Informed consent for testing means that before agreeing to a test, the adult being offered a test understands what the HIV test procedure is, the reasons for testing and the material risks associated with being tested or not being tested. Consent must be voluntary and freely given. Informed consent is required for HIV testing, except in emergency settings and in rare circumstances when a valid legal order is made for compulsory testing (see Mandatory testing for HIV for circumstances in which testing may be ordered).